Stock Market - Quotes, Sayings and Oneliners

Stock Market - Quotes, Sayings and Oneliners
“ Most investors don’t even stop to consider how much business a company does. All they look at are earnings per share and net assets per share.” -Kenneth L Fisher, Stock Market Guru.“ Sometimes your best investments are the ones you don’t make.” -Donald Trump. “ If your broker or investment advisor is not familiar with the concept of standard deviation of returns, get a new one.” -Bernstein, William.

Stocks & Shares Education Centre

Stocks & Shares Education Centre
What is a share ?
Different Kinds of Investment
What exactly are Investments?
What is a Demat Account ?
What are Premium Issues ?
Primary & Secondary Markets
Stock Options Defination
Investing Vs. Trading
Stock Broker
Online Stock /Share Trading
Stock Market Tips
How Stock Market Works ?
You Buy Prices Fall - Article
Stock Market Myths
What is a Bull Market ?
What is Technical Analysis ?
Saving VS. Investing
What are Dividents ?
NET ASSET VALUE (NAV)
Do you have a Trading Plan ?
Common Trading Mistakes

INVESTING IN STOCKS

Before investing, it is always wise to learn the Basics of Stock Market. We have compiled articles and tutorials on the Share Market Basics. Also included here explanation of Stock Market Terms and jargon used by people involved in trading stocks and shares. Whether it is Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), National Stock Exchange (NSE), London Stock Exchange (LSE) or New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), trading terms or more or less similar
INVESTING IN STOCKS

Many of us would like to try our luck in the Stock markets. Yes, Why Not ? Trading stocks is one of the most lucrative methods of making money.

Here's Why :

1. You do not need a lot of money to start making money, unlike buying property and paying a monthly mortgage.
2. It requires very minimal time to trade - unlike building a conventional business. 3.. It’s ‘fast’ cash and allows for quick liquidation (You can convert it to cash easily, unlike selling a property or a business).

4. It’s easy to learn how to profit from the stock market.

But You need to have your basics clear. Unless you do….you will be wasting your time and loosing money. You need to be crystal clear of each and every aspect of Investments, stock options, Stock Trading, Company, Shares, Dividend & Types of Shares, Debentures, Securities, Mutual Funds, IPO, Futures & Options, What does the Share Market consist of? Exchanges, Indices, SEBI , Analysis of Stocks – How to check on what to buy?, Trading Terms (Limit Order, Stop Loss, Put, Call, Booking Profit & Loss, Short & Long), Trading Options – Brokerage Houses etc.

Stocks & Shares Education Centre

How are your investments doing?
Stocks & Shares Education Centre
What is a share ?
Different Kinds of Investment
What exactly are Investments?
What is a Demat Account ?
What are Premium Issues ?
Primary & Secondary Markets
Stock Options Defination
Investing Vs. Trading
Stock Broker
Online Stock /Share Trading
Stock Market Tips
How Stock Market Works ?
You Buy Prices Fall - Article
Stock Market Myths
What is a Bull Market ?
What is Technical Analysis ?
Saving VS. Investing
What are Dividents ?
NET ASSET VALUE (NAV)
Do you have a Trading Plan ?
Common Trading Mistakes
IPO - Initial Public Offering
What is the IPO Scam all about ?
What is Active Share ?
AGM - Annual General Meeting
After Tax
AD Index - Advance Decline Index
Aging Schedule
Stock Options Trading - Safer Bet

stock market terms

Stock Market Terms - Definition and Meaning
Stock Market Terms - Share Market Terminology - Investment Definitions, Financial Term Meaning A to Z - Active Share, Amortization, Application-Money Asset Coverage Asset Financing, Auction Market, Auctioning of an Issue, Automated Screen Trading (AST), Average, Averaging, Bear Cycle, Book Profit, Booking Profit, Broker, Book Value, BSE Sensitive Index or SENSEX, Bullion, Buy and Hold Strategy, Call Money, Capital Asset, , Capital Market, Cash Cow, CD or Cum – Dividend, Certificate of Deposit, Certified Cheque, Chinese Wall, Circuit Breaker, Clearing, Clone Fund, , Collection Ratio, Commodities Market, Commodity, Compound Growth Rate, , Correction, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Cover, Covered Call, Creeping Acquisition, CRISIL, Cum-Dividend or CD, Crossing, Cum-Rights or CR, Cumulative Preference Shares, Cyclical Shares - Daily Margin, Dawn Raid, Debentures, Defensive Investment, Defensive Stock, Delisting, Deflation, Delivery Order, Delivery Price, Dematerialization of Scripts, Depreciation, Derivative, Discounted Debentures, Discounting, Dividend Cover, Dividend Play, Dividend Rollover Plan, Dow Theory, Depository Receipt, Efficient Market Hypothesis, Eligible Securities, ELSS, Employee Buyout, Employee Participation, Employee Share – Ownership Plan, Equity Shareholders, Eurodollar, FIFO or First In First Out, FII, Fill or Kill Order, Fixed Income Investments, Floating Stock, Floor Broker, Floor Trader, FForward Dealing / Trading, Forward Delivery, Forward Shares, Forward Integration, Free Lunch Theorem, Free Market Economy, Front – End Load, Front – Running, Frozen Assets, Fully Diluted Earnings Per Share, Fully Paid Share Capital, Fundamental Analysis, Futures, Futures Contract, Futures Market Glamour Shares, Godfather Offer, Going Long, Going Private, Going Public, Going Short, Gold Certificates, Golden Handcuffs, Golden Handshake, Golden Share, Good Delivery, Good Faith Deposit, Graham and Dodd Strategy of Investment, Great Crash, Gross, Gross National Product (GNP), Growth Shares, Gun Jumping, Glamour Issue.Havala or Hawala (also, Making Up Price, Head and Shoulders, Hedging Against Inflation,Inefficient Market, Insider, Insider Trading, Insolvency, Institutional Investor, Intangible Assets, Interbank Market, Interest Rate Risk, International Finance Corporation, International Monetary Fund, Inventory, Inventory Turnover, Inverted Yield Curve, Investment Analyst, Investment Club, Investment Company, Investment Company Shares (Close – Ended), Investment Company Shares (Open – Ended), Investment Horizon, Investment Letter, Investment Trust, Investor Protection, IPO, Irredeemable Debentures, Issue Price.MORE - Share Market Terms

Pearls in jewelry

Pearls in jewelry

Girl with a Pearl Earring

The value of the pearls in jewelry is determined by a combination of the luster, color, size, lack of surface flaw and symmetry that are appropriate for the type of pearl under consideration. Among those attributes, luster is the most important differentiator of pearl quality according to jewelers. All factors being equal, however, the larger the pearl the more valuable it is. Large, perfectly round pearls are rare and highly valued. Teardrop-shaped pearls are often used in pendants.

[edit] Shapes

Inexpensive, button-shape cultured freshwater pearls used in a necklace and bracelet.

Pearls come in eight basic shapes: round, semi-round, button, drop, pear, oval, baroque, and circled. Perfectly round pearls are the rarest and most valuable shape. Semi-rounds are also used in necklaces or in pieces where the shape of the pearl can be disguised to look like it is a perfectly round pearl. Button pearls are like a slightly flattened round pearl and can also make a necklace, but are more often used in single pendants or earrings where the back half of the pearl is covered, making it look like a larger, round pearl.

Woman with a Pearl Necklace, by Jan Vermeer van Delft

Drop and pear shaped pearls are sometimes referred to as teardrop pearls and are most often seen in earrings, pendants, or as a center pearl in a necklace. Baroque pearls have a different appeal to them than more standard shapes because they are often highly irregular and make unique and interesting shapes. They are also commonly seen in necklaces. Circled pearls are characterized by concentric ridges, or rings, around the body of the pearl.

In general, cultured pearls are less valuable than natural pearls, and imitation pearls are less valuable than cultured pearls. One way that jewelers can determine whether a pearl is cultured or natural is to have a gem lab perform an x-ray of the pearl. If the x-ray reveals a nucleus, the pearl is likely a bead-nucleated saltwater pearl. If no nucleus is present, but irregular and small dark inner spots indicating a cavity are visible, combined with concentric rings of organic substance, the pearl is likely a cultured freshwater. Cultured freshwater pearls can often be confused for natural pearls which present as homogeneous pictures which continuously darken toward the surface of the pearl. Natural pearls will often show larger cavities where organic matter has dried out and decomposed.

Some imitation pearls are simply made of mother-of-pearl, coral or conch, while others are made from glass and are coated with a solution containing fish scales called essence d'Orient. Although imitation pearls look the part, they do not have the same weight or smoothness as real pearls, and their luster will also dim greatly.

[edit] Lengths of pearl necklaces

Portrait of Caterina Sagredo Barbarigo by Rosalba Carriera. The subject is wearing a single-strand pearl collar and pendant pearl earrings

Queen of Italy, Margherita of Savoy, owned one of the most famous collections of natural pearls. She is wearing a multi-strand choker and a rope of pearls, possibly with matching bracelet and earrings

There is a special vocabulary used to describe the length of pearl necklaces. While most other necklaces are simply referred to by their physical measurement, pearl necklaces are named by how low they hang when worn around the neck. A collar, measuring 10 to 13 inches or 25 to 33 cm in length, sits directly against the throat and does not hang down the neck at all; collars are often made up of multiple strands of pearls. Pearl chokers, measuring 14 to 16 inches or 35 to 41 cm in length, nestle just at the base of the neck. A strand called a princess length, measuring 17 to 19 inches or 43 to 48 cm in length, comes down to or just below the collarbone. A matinee length, measuring 20 to 24 inches or 50 to 60 cm in length, falls just above the breasts. An opera length, measuring 28 to 35 inches or 70 to 90 cm in length, will be long enough to reach the breastbone or sternum of the wearer; and longer still, a pearl rope, measuring more than 45 inches or 115 cm in length, is any length that falls down farther than an opera.

Necklaces can also be classified as uniform, or graduated. In a uniform strand of pearls, all pearls are classified as the same size, but actually fall in a range. A uniform strand of akoya pearls, for example, will measure within 0.5 mm. So a strand will never be 7 mm, but will be 6.5-7 mm. Freshwater pearls, Tahitian pearls, and South Sea pearls all measure to a full millimeter when considered uniform.

A graduated strand of pearls most often has at least 3 mm of differentiation from the ends to the center of the necklace. Popularized in the United States during the 1950s by the GIs bringing strands of cultured akoya pearls home from Japan, a 3.5 momme, 3 mm to 7 mm graduated strand was much more affordable than a uniform strand because most of the pearls were small.

[edit] Colors of pearl jewelry

Earrings and necklaces can also be classified on the grade of the color of the pearl. While white, and more recently black, saltwater pearls are by far the most popular, other color tints can be found on pearls from the oceans. Pink, blue, champagne, green and even purple saltwater pearls can be encountered, but to collect enough pearls to form a complete string of the same size and same shade can take years.

The history of pearl hunting and pearl farming

The history of pearl hunting and pearl farming

[edit] Pearl hunting

For thousands of years, most seawater pearls were retrieved by divers working in the Indian Ocean, in areas like the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and in the Gulf of Mannar.^{[citation needed]}

Starting in the Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD), the Chinese hunted extensively for seawater pearls in the South China Sea.^{[citation needed]}

Catching of pearls, Bern Physiologus (IX century)

When Spanish conquistadors arrived in the Western Hemisphere, they discovered that around the islands of Cubagua and Margarita, some 200 km north of the Venezuelan coast, was an extensive pearl bed. One discovered and named pearl, La Peregrina, was offered to the Spanish queen.^{[citation needed]} According to Garcilasso de la Vega, who says that he saw La Peregrina at Seville in 1507, (Garcilasso, "Historie des Incas, Rois du Perou," Amsterdam, 1704, Vol. II, P. 352.) this was found at Panama in 1560 by a negro who was rewarded with his liberty, and his owner with the office of alcalde of Panama.

Margarita pearls are extremely difficult to find today and are known for their unique yellowish color. The most famous Margarita necklace that any one can see today is the one that then Venezuelan President Romulo Betancourt gave to Jacqueline Kennedy when she and her husband, President John F. Kennedy paid an official visit to Venezuela.^{[citation needed]}

Before the beginning of the 20th Century, pearl hunting was the most common way of harvesting pearls. Divers manually pulled oysters from ocean floors and river bottoms and checked them individually for pearls. Not all mussels and oysters produce pearls. In a haul of three tons, only three or four oysters will produce perfect pearls^{[citation needed]}.

[edit] The development of pearl farming

Today, almost all pearls used for jewelry are cultured by planting a core or nucleus into pearl oysters. The pearls are usually harvested after one year for akoya, 2-4 years for Tahitian and South Sea, and 2-7 years for freshwater. This perliculture process was first developed by William Sawville-Kent who passed the information along to Tatsuhei Mise and Tokichi Nishikawa from Japan.

The nucleus is generally a polished bead made from freshwater mussel shell. Along with a small piece of mantle tissue from another mollusk to serve as a catalyst for the pearl sac, it is surgically implanted into the gonad (reproductive organ) of a saltwater mollusk. In freshwater perliculture, only the piece of tissue is used in most cases, and is inserted into the fleshy mantle of the host mussel. South Sea and Tahitian pearl oysters, also known as Pinctada maxima and Pinctada margaritifera, which survive the subsequent surgery to remove the finished pearl, are often implanted with a new, larger nucleus as part of the same procedure and then returned to the water for another 2-3 years of growth.

Despite the common misperception, Mikimoto did not discover the process of pearl culture. The accepted process of pearl culture was developed by William Sawville-Kent in Australia and brought to Japan by Tokichi Nishikawa and Tatsuhei Mise. Nishikawa was granted the patent in 1916, and married the daughter of Mikimoto. Mikimoto was able to use Nishikawa's technology. After the patent was granted in 1916, the technology was immediately commercially applied to akoya pearl oysters in Japan in 1916. Mise's brother was the first to produce a commercial crop of pearls in the akoya oyster. Mitsubishi's Baron Iwasaki immediately applied the technology to the south sea pearl oyster in 1917 in the Philippines, and later in Buton, and Palau. Mitsubishi was the first to produce a cultured south sea pearl - although it was not until 1928 that the first small commercial crop of pearls was successfully produced.

The original Japanese cultured pearls, known as akoya pearls, are produced by a species of small pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, which is no bigger than 6 to 8 cm in size, hence akoya pearls larger than 10 mm in diameter are extremely rare and highly prized. Today, a hybrid mollusk is used in both Japan and China in the production of akoya pearls. It is a cross between the original Japanese species, and the Chinese species Pinctada chemnitzii.^[8]

[edit] Recent pearl production

China has recently overtaken Japan in akoya pearl production. Japan has all but ceased its production of akoya pearls smaller than 8 mm. Japan maintains its status as a pearl processing center, however, and imports the majority of Chinese akoya pearl production. These pearls are then processed (often simply matched and sorted), relabeled as product of Japan, and exported.^[9]

In the past couple of decades, cultured pearls have been produced using larger oysters in the south Pacific and Indian Ocean. The largest pearl oyster is the Pinctada maxima, which is roughly the size of a dinner plate. South Sea pearls are characterized by their large size warm luster. Sizes up to 14 mm in diameter are not uncommon. South Sea pearls are primarily produced in Australia, Indonesia and the Philippines.

Mitsubishi commenced pearl culture with the south sea pearl oyster in 1916, as soon as the technology patent was commercialized. By 1931 this project was showing signs of success, but was upset by the death of Tatsuhei Mise. Although the project was recommenced after Tatsuhei's death, the project was discontinued at the beginning of WWII before significant productions of pearls were achieved.

After WWII, new south sea pearl projects were commenced in the early 1950s in Burma and Kuri Bay and Port Essington in Australia. Japanese companies were involved in all projects using technicians from the original Mitsubishi south sea pre-war projects.

[edit] Japanese freshwater pearl farming

In 1914, pearl farmers began growing cultured freshwater pearls using the pearl mussels native to Lake Biwa. This lake, the largest and most ancient in Japan, lies near the city of Kyoto. The extensive and successful use of the Biwa Pearl Mussel is reflected in the name Biwa pearls, a phrase which was at one time nearly synonymous with freshwater pearls in general. Since the time of peak production in 1971, when Biwa pearl farmers produced six tons of cultured pearls, pollution has caused the virtual extinction of the industry. Japanese pearl farmers recently cultured a hybrid pearl mussel — a cross between Biwa Pearl Mussels and a closely related species from China, Hyriopsis cumingi, in Lake Kasumigaura. This industry has also nearly ceased production, due to pollution.

Japanese pearl producers also invested in producing cultured pearls with freshwater mussels in the region of Shanghai, China. China has since become the world's largest producer of freshwater pearls, producing more than 1,500 metric tons per year.

Led by pearl pioneer John Latendresse and his wife Chessy, the United States began farming cultured freshwater pearls in the mid 1960's. National Geographic Magazine introduced the American cultured pearl as a commercial product in their August 1985 issue. The Tennessee pearl farm has emerged as a tourist destination in recent years, but commercial production of freshwater pearls has ceased.